Lose Weight and Gain Muscle

1. What is the relationship between muscle performance anatomical and supporting connective tissue of the skeleton and the body as a whole? 2. How does the body produce muscle contractions at the molecular level? 3. What are diseases that can affect the function of the muscular system and how that impact muscle contraction at the molecular level> 4. What similarities and differences between skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle? Please help me answer these also complete as possible! esp. # 2 & 4!

These are big questions. I'll answer # 2. The nervous system communicates "with the muscle through the neuromuscular junctions. These boards function as a synapse between neurons. In other words: * the pulse reaches the end of the bulb, * chemical transmitter is released from vesicles (each with 5,000 to 10,000 molecules acetylcholine) and diffuses across the neuromuscular cleft, * transceiver molecules fill the sites in the muscle membrane and increased membrane permeability to sodium, * and diffuses into the membrane potential becomes less negative *, and if the threshold voltage is reached, an action potential, a pulse travels along muscle cell membrane and the muscle contracts. Some muscles (skeletal muscle) unless the contract is not stimulated by neurons, other muscles (Smooth and cardiac) contract without nervous stimulation, but its contraction may be influenced by the nervous system. Therefore, nervous and muscular systems are closely linked. In each sarcomere, thin myofilaments extend from each end. Thick myofilaments are at the center of the sarcomere and does not extend not ends. Thick myofilaments are composed of a protein called myosin. Each myosin molecule has a tail that forms the thick myofilaments and a head that projecting from the base of the filament. MYOSIN These heads are also commonly called cross-bridges. The head of myosin has several important features: * has binding sites for ATP ATP molecules adapt. The ATP is the energy potential. * It has binding sites for actin in the actin molecules to fit. Actin is part of the thin myofilaments and details will be discussed shortly. * Has a "hinge" to the point where it leaves the core of the thick myofilaments. This allows the head to swivel back and forth, and the "axis" is, as described below, that actually causes muscle contraction. myofilaments thin consist of three types of proteins: actin, troponin and tropomyosin. Actin molecules (or G-actin as above) are spherical and form long chains. Each chain contains two thin myofilaments so that coil around each other. tropomyosin molecules are single mothers, thin molecules that are placed around the actin chain. At the end of each tropomyosin molecule is a troponin. Tropomyosin and troponin molecules are connected to each other. Each of these three proteins plays a key role in muscle contraction: * ACTIN – when combined with the HEAD ATP actin myosin associated with the head down into ADP. This reaction released energy causes the myosin head to turn. * Tropomyosin – In a relaxed muscle, the myosin heads of thick myofilaments lie against tropomyosin molecules myofilaments thin. As the myosin heads remain in contact with tropomyosin nothing happens (ie a muscle relaxes). * Troponin – Troponin molecules are binding sites for calcium ions. When a calcium ion fulfills this site, there is a change in the shape and position of troponin. And when the changes of troponin, tropomyosin pulling to which is attached. When tropomyosin is displaced, the head of myosin tropomyosin is played now in contact with the underlying actin molecule. Muscle contraction 1 – Due to skeletal muscle is voluntary muscle, contraction of the needs of a nerve impulse. Therefore, step 1 in the contraction is when the momentum is transmitted from one neuron Sarcolemma of a muscle cell. 2 – The pulse travels along the sarcolemma button and T-tubules. T-tubules, the sarcoplasmic reticulum pulse passes. 3 – As the momentum through the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), the doors of calcium in the SR membrane open. Consequently, calcium diffuses out of the Republic Slovakia, and between the myofilaments. 4 – meets the calcium binding sites in molecules of troponin. As mentioned above, changing shape and position of troponin causing movement of the tropomyosin molecule attached. 5 – The movement of tropomyosin resulted in the myosin head to actin contact. 6 – contact causes actin-myosin head to turn. 7 – At the ball, the myosin head binds strongly to actin. Thus, when the head rotates to pull the actin (and therefore all thin myofilaments) forward. (Of course, we can not take all the MYOSIN HEAD thin myofilaments. Many myosin heads are turned at the same time, or almost and their collective efforts are sufficient to remove all the thin myofilaments). 8 – At the end of the kneecap, is part of the ATP binding site in the cross-bridge and breaks link between the cross-bridge (myosin) and actin. Myosin head pivots at the time. As she turns around, the ATP is broken down into ADP and P and the cross-bridge links actin to a new molecule. 9 – As a result, the head is firmly attached again

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