Benefits Of L-Arginine (Nitric Oxide) In Women
Cardiovascular disease is the number one killer of Americans. In fact, you may be surprised to hear that cardiovascular disease has surpassed breast cancer as the number 1 killer of women. Naturally the fact comes as a surprise to many women as pushes for breast cancer screenings are much more in the public eye than are cardiovascular disease precautions. Every year over one million people die from heart disease. More and more women are realizing the importance of taking care of their heart health and are looking to alternative medicines to help them to do this. The best supplements for women who are concerned about heart health (and who do not already have a diagnosis of a serious hart condition) are generally best off looking for a supplement that aids the heart in doing what it does best; effectively pump the flow of blood through the body. When circulation is facilitated, negative consequences related to poor circulation are lessened. The concept is simple and the things that can be done to lessen the risks of cardiovascular disease symptoms are equally simplistic.
First let’s take a look at one of the most beneficial products on the market that aids in the fight against heart disease; L-Arginine. L-Arginine is a protein amino acid. Amino acids are essential to the body’s ability to function and heal. L-Arginine is an amino acid that aids in the body’s ability to fight off diseases by improving the function of the immune system. L-Arginine is produced naturally in the body. But certain injuries or medical conditions can lower the production of L-Arginine. Lower levels of L-Arginine translate into an inability for you body to work or to heal properly. When the body has to work harder to heal itself, which puts more pressure on the heart to pump healthy blood throughout the body and where it is needed most. Having adequate levels of L-Arginine not only helps you to feel better by preventing some illnesses and lessening recovery time of other illnesses, but L-Arginine has the ability to reduce blood pressure by lowering the LDL cholesterol (bad cholesterol) level in the body. L-Arginine also helps in the fight against cardiovascular disease by restoring the production of nitric oxide. A higher production of nitric oxide allows for improved blood flow and improved blood flow relieves one of the major symptoms of heart disease and vessel disease. Because of the increased blood flow to vital organs some have reported an increased libido effect.
Women have a lot of things on their plates. Typically it is the woman’s responsibility to run the home, care for the children and manage the affairs of the family. All of these responsibilities leave very little time for personal health improvement. So while you may not feel like making it to the gym every morning or taking on a diet are things that you can fit into your schedule, surely supplementing your regular routine with a dietary supplement that can help prevent the symptoms of the number one killer in America is something that you can set aside just a little time for.
As you probably know or have seen, there are many L-Arginine supplements on the market. You want to choose an L-Arginine supplement that considers a variety of connected health concerns in its formulation. By involving yourself in a routine where total body wellness is the focus you save yourself the time of shopping at different stores and taking all of that time finding a complicated blend that you formulate yourself. Instead, take advantage of the years of research that the professionals have taken to come up with the unique blend of heart healthy supplements that you can find in some products.
About the Author
Eric Glenn, Synergy Worldwide leader, is the successful owner of several global health businesses and regularly advises clients and customers about health, nutrition and creating a global business. Eric strongly recommends health supplements to help boost your personal wellness. To learn more about these supplements visit http://www.ericglenn.com or his health supplements Synergy Worldwide website http://www.synergyteamglobal.com.
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Thorne Research – Perfusia-SR – 120’s $24.71 L-arginine is a semi-essential amino acid involved in multiple areas of human physiology and metabolism. L-arginine significantly affects endocrine function and helps regulate the release of neurotransmitter chemicals, insulin, glucagon (which has the opposite effect of insulin; i.e., it raises blood sugar), and growth hormone. However, one of L-arginine’s most compelling contributions to human ph… |
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NO More Heart Disease: How Nitric Oxide Can Prevent–Even Reverse–Heart Disease and Strokes $8.61 Dr. Louis Ignarro discovered “the atom” of cardiovascular health–a tiny molecule called Nitric Oxide. NO, as it is known by chemists, is a signaling molecule produced by the body, and is a vasodilator that helps control blood flow to every part of the body. Dr. Ignarro’s findings led to the development of Viagra. Nitric Oxide has a beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system as well.NO rela… |
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The Cardiovascular Cure: How to Strengthen Your Self Defense Against Heart Attack and Stroke $9.95 The Cardiovascular Cure offers a groundbreaking approach to preventing heart attack and stroke by enhancing your body’s own natural defenses. Dr. John Cooke, head of Stanford Medical School’s vascular unit, has devised a powerful new method for fighting cardiovascular disease without bypass surgery or angioplasty. Drawing on his own investigations, as well as Nobel Prize-winning research from … |
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Nitric Oxide and Radicals in the Pulmonary Vasculature $116.43 This publication is unique and ground breaking because no previous volume has focused on the mechanisms by which nitric oxide and oxygen radicals are involved in vascular pathophysiology. This book provides a current review of the use of nitric oxide to treat pulmonary hypertension, whether idiopathic or secondary to congenital heart disease. In this respect, it should be read by pediatric cardiol… |
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STANDARDISATION AND EVALUATION OF HERBAL DRUG FORMULATIONS
STANDARDISATION AND EVALUATION OF HERBAL DRUG FORMULATIONS
1Sunita Panchawat, 1Kamal Singh Rathore, 2Dr.S.S.Sisodia, 3Dr. R.K.Nema
1BN PG Girls College of Pharmacy, Udaipur-Raj.INDIA 313002
2BN PG College of Pharmacy, Udaipur
3Rishiraj College of Pharmacy, Udaipur
Email:kamalsrathore@yahoo.com
Mobile: +919887111211(Sunita P.); +919828325713(Kamal)
Herbal Drug Standardization and Evaluation:- In recent years, there has been great demand for plant derived products in developed countries. These products are increasingly being sought out as medicinal products, nutraceuticals and cosmetics. (1) There are around 6000 herbal manufacturers in India. More than 4000 units are producing Ayurveda medicines. Due to lack of infrastructures, skilled manpower reliable methods and stringent regulatory laws most of these manufacturers produce their product on very tentative basis. (2)
In order to have a good coordination between the quality of raw materials, in process materials and the final products, it has become essential to develop reliable, specific and sensitive quality control methods using a combination of classical and modern instrumental method of analysis. Standardization is an essential measurement for ensuring the quality control of the herbal drugs. (3) “Standardization” expression is used to describe all measures, which are taken during the manufacturing process and quality control leading to a reproducible quality. It also encompasses the entire field of study from birth of a plant to its clinical application. It also means adjusting the herbal drug preparation to a defined content of a constituent or a group of substances with known therapeutic activity respectively by adding excipients or by mixing herbal drugs or herbal drug preparations.(4) “Evaluation” of a drug means confirmation of its identity and determination of its quality and purity and detection of its nature of adulteration.(5)
Standardization of herbal drugs is not an easy task as numerous factors influence the bio efficacy and reproducible therapeutic effect. In order to obtain quality oriented herbal products, care should be taken right from the proper identification of plants, season and area of collection and their extraction and purification process and rationalizing the combination in case of polyherbal drugs.(3)
The Standardization of crude drug materials includes the following steps:-
- Authentication: – Each and every step has to be authenticated.
a) Stage of collection.
b) Parts of the plant collected.
c) Regional status.
d) Botanical identity like phytomorphology, microscopical and histological analysis (characteristic of cell walls, cell contents, starch grains, calcium oxalate crystals, trichomes, fibers, vessels etc).(6) Various histological parameter studies are:-
- Leaf constant: – Palisade ratio, Vein islet number, Vein termination, Stomatal number, and Stomatal index.
- Trichomes.
- Stomata.
- Quantitative microscopy.
- Taxonomical identity.
- Foreign matter.
- Organoleptic evaluation.
- Ash values and extractive values.
- Moisture content determination.
- Chrometographic and spectroscopic evaluation.
- Heavy metal determination.
- Pesticide residue.
- Microbial contamination.
- Radioactive contamination.
The herbal formulation in general can be standardize schematically as to formulate the medicament using raw materials collected from different localities and a comparative chemical efficacy of different batches of formulation are to be observed. The preparations with better clinical efficacy are to be selected. After all the routine physical, chemical and pharmacological parameters are to be checked for all the batches to select the final finished product and to validate the whole manufacturing process. (6)
The stability parameters for the herbal formulations which include physical, chemical and microbiological parameters are as follow:
Physical parameters include color, odor, appearance, clarity, viscosity, moisture content, pH, disintegration time, friability, hardness, flow ability, flocculation, sedimentation, settling rate and ash values.
Chemical parameters include limit tests, chemical tests, chemical assays etc.
Chromatographic analysis of herbals can be done using TLC, HPLC, HPTLC, GC, UV, GC-MS, fluorimetry etc.
Microbiological parameters include total viable content, total mold count, total enterobacterial and their count. Limiters can be utilized as a quantitative or semi quantitative tool to ascertain and control the amount of impurities like the reagents used during abstraction of various herbs, impurities coming directly from the manufacturing vessels and from the solvents etc.
GUIDELINES FOR HERBAL DRUG STANDARDISATION
WHO Guidelines:-
The subject of herbal drug standardization is massively wide and deep. The guidelines set by WHO can be summarized as follows:-
- Reference to the identity of the drug. Botanical evaluation- sensory characters, foreign organic matter, microscopical, histological, histochemical evaluation, quantitative measurements etc.
- Reference to the physicochemical character of the drug. Physical and chemical identity, chromatographic fingerprints, ash values, extractive values, moisture content, volatile oil and alkaloidal assays, quantitative estimation protocols etc.
- Reference to the pharmacological parameters, biological activity profiles, bitterness values, hemolytic index, astringency, swelling factor, foaming index etc.
- Toxicity details- pesticide residues, heavy metals, microbial contamination like total viable count, pathogens like E.coli, Salmonalla, P.aeroginosa, S. aureus, Enterobacteria etc.
- Microbial contamination.
- Radioactive contamination.
Modern herbal ayurvedic monographs
In the modern herbal ayurvedic monographs the standardization parameters are discussed in a comprehensive way. According to the modern ayurvedic monograph the quality control protocols include the following:
The synonyms, publication related to the plant, constituents present, analytical methods.
Descriptive evaluation: Description of the drug, phytomorphological, microscopical, organoleptic evaluation, foreign matter etc.
WHO GUIDELINES MONOGRAPH TITLE (7)
Botanical: – Sensory evaluation, Foreign matter, Microscopy measurement.
Physicochemical TLC: - Ash, Extractable matter, Water content and volatile matter, Volatile oils.
Pharmacological: – Bitterness value, Haemolytic activity, Astringency, Sterling index, Foaming index.
Toxicological: – Pesticide residue, Arsenic, Metals.
Microbial contamination: – Total viable count, Pathogens, Aflatoxins, Radioactive contamination.
STANDARDIZATION OF HERBAL DRUG/PRODUCTS
Commercial production of herbal medicines and their trade are fast growing sector of industry today, due t6o increasing demand of medicinal plants; the supply line is adversely affected leading to the adulteration and substitution for genuine drugs.
1. Fluorescence quenching:- When a plant extract is spotted on a fluorescent silica gel layer and exposed to UV light, it appears as spot on a fluorescent background, thus causing quenching and is directly proportional to concentration of the extract. Silica gel GF plate was used as an adsorbent for fluorescence quenching. Solvents taken- hexane toluene, ether, ethyl acetate, butanol, methanol and water.(8)
2. Use of fingerprinting and marker compounds for identification and standardization of botanical drugs:- Chemical and chromatographic techniques may be used to aid in identification of an herbal material or extract. Chromatographic technique such as HPLC, TLC, GC and capillary electrophoresis and spectroscopic methods such as IR, NMR, and UV-may also be used for fingerprinting. DNA fingerprinting has been widely used in many species, e.g. DNA fingerprinting of Panax species and their adulterants.(9) Marker compounds may be used to help identify herbal materials, set specifications for raw materials, standardize botanical preparations during all aspects of manufacturing processes and obtain stability profiles.(10)
3. Densitometric thin layer chromatographic determination of aescin in an herbal medicinal product containing Asculum and Vitis dry extract:- A TLC method is developed to analyze the total saponin content, also referred to as the aescin content, in an herbal medicinal product containing two dry extract in capsules. After a purification step using C(18) solid phase extraction, the samples are analyzed on a silica gel HPTLC plate with the upper layer of a mixture of acetic acid/water/butanol(10/40/50v/v/v) as the mobile phase. Spots are visualized by spraying with anisaldehyde reagent and heating the plate for 5-10 min.(100-105oc) and measured at a wavelength of 535 nm.(11)
4. Determination of stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol and stigmastanol in oral dosage forms using HPLC with evaporative light scattering detection: – A validated and repeatable HPLC method with online evaporative light scattering was developed for the analysis of two sterols, stegmasterol, beta-sitosterol and a stanol found to be common in many herbal formulations and health care supplements. This method was used to assay commercially available products formulated as oral dosage forms purported to contain African potato and associated sterols and stanol. (12)
5. Elemental analysis of herbal preparations for traditional medicines by neutron activation analysis with the kO standardization method: - Medicinal herb preparations prescribed for specific treatment purposes were purchased from markets and were analysed by instrumental neutron activation analysis with kO standardization. 500-700 mg of each sample was palletized under a pressure of six tones and irradiated together with monitors for alpha and neutron flux ratio determination for about 6h in a thermal flux of 2.29 x 10(12) n/cm2/s.(13)
6. Liquid chromatography UV-determination and liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometric characterization of sitosterol and stigmasterol in soyabean oil:- A narrow bore HPLC-UV method was developed for the analysis of two of the more abundant naturally occurring phytosterols in vegetable oils: sitosterol and stigmasterol. The method enabled detection of the compounds at a concentration of 0.42 µ/ml and quantization at concentration of 0.52 and 0.54 µ/ml for sitosterol and stigmasterol, respectively.(14)
7. Simultaneous determination of cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and paeonol in traditional Chinese medicinal preparations by capillary GC-FID: – A capillary GC method was established for simultaneous determination of cinnamaldehyde(CNMD), eugenol(EL) and paeonol(PL) in two traditional Chinese herbal medicinal preparations, Weitongding tablet (WTDT) and Guifu Dihuang pill (GDHP). The assays were based on a programmed temperature GC in a 30 m x 0.53 mm capillary column with nitrogen as carrier and FID detector. Good linearity were obtained over ranges of 0.45-0.452 mg/l CNMD, 0.31-0.625 mg/l EL, and 0.30-610 mg/l PL, respectively. (15)
8. HPTLC fingerprinting of marketed formulation containing Shankhpushpi: – These are the important Ayurveda formulations used for perinatal care of mother and child health. Standardization of churnas was carried out by organoleptic study, phytochemical analysis; qualitative organic and inorganic analysis, thin layer chromatography, UV- visible spectrophotometer and HPLC fingerprint studies. Qualitative organic analysis of both the churnas revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, phenols, tannins, glycosides, resins, saponins and flavonoids.(16)
EVALUATION OF HERBAL DRUG/PRODUCTS
1. Biological parameter (bioassay):- It is well established that the biological potency of the herbal constituents is due to not one but a mixture of bioactive plant constituents and the relative properties of a single bioactive compound can vary from batch to batch while the biological activity remains within the desirable limits. (1) Some of the examples are:_
a. Evaluation of adaptogenic activity profile of herbal preparation: – Adaptogens help the body to come up with stress and enhance general health and performance. AVM is an herbal formulation. Composition- Emblica officinalis, Withania somnifera, Asparagus racemosus, Ocimum sanctum, Tribulus terrestris and Piper longum. AVM shows significant antistress, immunomodulatory and anabolic activities in different animal models there by proving a promising adaptogen. (17)
b. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of herbal products: – A new test method for measuring the antioxidant power of herbal products, based on solid phase spectrophptometry using tetrabenzo-b, f, j, n, l, 5, 9, 13- tetraazacy- clohexadecin- Cu (II) complex immobilized on silica gel is proposed. The method represents an alternative to the mostly used scavenging capacity assays. The method was approved in the analysis of the most popular herbal beverages and drugs Echinacea determined spectrophotometrically.(18)
c. Evaluation of microbial contamination reduction on plants through technological process of decoction and spray dry: – The technological process of raw material has many stages, generally, adverse to microbial growth, but its complete elimination depends on the initial and work condition utilized. The aim of this work was to verify the microbial contamination, such as extractive solution (SE) and spray dried extract (PSA) with the purpose of evaluating the decrease of contamination after the decoction and the spray dry. The microbiological analysis of the products was performed by total plate count and MPN coliform. (19)
d. Evaluation of nitric oxide scavenging activity of selected medicinal plants used in inflammatory diseases: – Four traditional medicinal plants, namely Ventilago madraspatana Gaertn., Rubia cordifolia Linn., Lanatana camara Linn. And Morinda citrifolia Linn. Were selected for a study on the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO), a key mediator in the phenomenon of inflammation, signifying the presence of effective anti-inflammatory constituents therein. Plant samples were extracted with different solvents for evaluation of their inhibitory activity on NO produced in vitro from sodium nitroprusside, and in LPS- activated murine peritoneal macrophages, ex-vivo.(20)
e. The lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity:- The reaction mixture contained mice liver homogenate (0.2 ml, 10% w/v) in 0.15 KCl, KCl (0.1 ml, 150 µm), Tris buffer (0.4 ml, Ph 7.5) and various concentration of test extracts. In vitro lipid peroxidation was initiated by addition of Feso4.7H2O (0.1 ml, 10 µm). The reaction mixture was incubated at 37o for 1 h. After the incubation period, reaction was terminated by addition of thiobarbituric acid (TBA-2 ml, 0.8%) and by heating the contents for 15 min. for development of colored complex. The tubes were then centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 min. and cooled. The % inhibition of lipid peroxidation was determined by comparing the results of test compound with those of control not treated with extracts by monitoring the color intensity at 532 nm. Gallic acid was used as a positive control. (21)
2. Evaluation of marketed polyherbal antidiabetic formulatios using biomarker charantin: - Charantin is one of the phytoconstituents present in Momordica charantia. It is well known to possess antihyperglycaemia, anticholesterol, immunosuppressive, antiulcerogenic, antispermatogenic and androgenic activities. HPTLC method is fast, precise, sensitive and reproducible with good recoveries for standardization of polyherbal formulations. The recovery values of charantin were found to be about 98.89%. (2)
3. In vivo and in vitro evaluation of hair growth potential of Shoe flower: – The leaves and flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis are used as promoters of hair growth and as an aid in healing of ulcers. Petroleum ether extract of leaves and flowers of the plant was evaluated for the potential growth in vivo and in vitro methods. In vivo, 1% extract of leaves and flowers in liquid was applied topically over the shaved skin of albino rats and monitored and assessed for 30 days. The length of hair and different cyclic phases of hair follicles, like anagen and telogen phases were determined at different time periods. In vitro, the hair follicles from albino rat neonates were isolated and cultured in DMEM supplemented with 0.01 mg/ml petroleum ether extract of leaves and flowers. It is concluded that the leaf extract, when compared to flower extract, exhibits more potency on hair growth. (22)
4. Clinical evaluation to assess the safety and efficacy of coded herbal medicine “Dysmo-off” versus allopathic medicine “Diclofenac sodium” for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea: - The clinical study on primary dysmenorrhoea to comparatively examine the coded herbal drug formulation “Dysmo-off” with authentic allopathic medicine “Diclofenac sodium”. A random controlled clinical trial was conducted. These evaluations were based on verbal rating scale so as to ascertain the rate of analgesic effects on dysmenorrhoeic pain. The patients were randomly allocated with the ratio of 1:2 for controlled treatment with (NSAIDS) (n=40) received Diclofenac sodium tablets twice daily for 4 days (50 mg one day prior to and three days after the menstruation), and test treatment with Dysmo-off (n=80) received powdered Dysmo-off twice daily for 4 days (5 g one day prior to and three days after the menstruation). Treatment lasted for 4 consecutive menstrual cycles. Haemoglobin, ESR and ultrasound were measured at baseline during study. All subjects were clinically studied.(23)
5. Thermographic evaluation: – In the present study, the authors used thermography to evaluate the effects of herbal formulations based on “Sho” scientifically. In the cases that were suitable for Keishibukuryogan, the so called Keishibukuryogan Sho, a significant skin temperature rise was observed in the upper half of the body after the intake of Keishibukuryogan. In a case that was suitable for Hochuekkito, a marked elevation of skin temperature spread through the upper trunk. It suggested that thermography is useful for an objective evaluation of Sho in Kampo medicines, and for identification of the action site of the herbal formulation.(24)
6. Biochemical evaluation: – Most of the herbal drugs are a mixture of a number of ingredients. Their cumulative effect increases the efficacy of the drug in curing the diseases. Muthu Marunthu is an herbal formulation comprising of eight various plant ingredients, and has been claimed to possess anticancer effect. It was observed that the growth rate in rats was normal and there was no change in blood parameters such as glucose, urea, proteins, cholesterol and also in the activities of pathophysiological enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), gluconate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), alkaline and acid phosphatase after Muthu Marunthu administration. The tumor weight was found to be reduced in methylcholanthrene induced fibrosarcoma rats after Muthu Marunthu treatment. (25)
7. Evaluation of Kutaj-Ghanavati for alkaloidal principles:- Kutaj-Ghanavati is a reputed Ayurvedic preparation used in dysentery and diarrhea. It contains water extract of Kurchi bark and fine powder of aconite roots. It was evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively employing TLC and titrimetric method. In TLC study no interference of Kurchi and Aconite alkaloids with one another in their respective solvent systems. The formulation was found to contain all alkaloids of Kurchi and Aconite. (26)
8. Organoleptic evaluation: – Organoleptic evaluation of food products plays an important role in judging the censoring acceptability or rejection of food items in the market. Effect of various treatments (blanching, pricking, and lye treatment), sugar concentration (50%, 60%, 70%) and storage on the color scores; flavor scores; texture scores of intermediate moisture apricots. The overall acceptability of the products was significantly higher in 70% sugar syrup but these scores decreased as the storage period advanced. (27)
CONCLUSION: – The subject of herbal drug standardization is massively wide and deep. There is so much to know and so much seemingly contradictory theories on the subject of herbal medicines and its relationship with human physiology and mental function.
For the purpose of research work on standardization of herbal formulations, a profound knowledge of the important herbs found in India and widely used in Ayurvedic formulation is of utmost importance.(6)
Even when the chemical composition of a plant extract is known, the pharmacologically active moiety may not be. Environment, climate, and growth conditions influence composition, as does the specific part of the plant and its maturity. Monographs detailing standardization of active ingredients would improve the marketplace. Even if an herbal product is standardized to, for example, 4% of a constituent, the remaining 96% of ingredients is not standardized and may affect the product’s solubility, bioavailability, stability, efficacy and toxicity. Just as controlled trials are necessary to establish safety and efficacy, manufacturing standards are required to ensure product quality.(28)
Now a days newer and advanced methods are available for the standardization of herbal drugs like fluorescence quenching, combination of chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods, biological assays, use of biomarkers in fingerprinting etc. Bioassay can play an important role in the standardization of herbal drugs and can also become an important quality control method as well as for proper stability testing of the product.(4)
India can emerge as the major country and play the lead role in the production of standardized, therapeutically effective ayurvedic formulation. India needs to explore the medicinally important plants. This can be achieved only if the herbal products are evaluated and analyzed using sophisticated modern techniques of standardization such as UV- visible, TLC, HPLC, HPTLC, GC-MS, spectrofluorimetric and other methods.(6)
References
- Sagar Bhanu P.S., Zafar R., Panwar R., “Herbal drug standardization”, The Indian Pharmacist, vol. 4(35), May 2005, 2005, pp.19-22.
- Patel P.M., Patel N.M., Goyal R.K., “Evaluation of marketed polyherbal antidiabetic formulations uses biomarker charantin”, The Pharma Review, vol.4 (22), June 2006, pp.113.
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- Shaw P.C., Pui-Hat Butt P., “Authentication of Panax species and their adulterants by random primed polymerase chain reaction”, Planta Medica, vol. 61, 1995, pp.466-469.
- Lazarowych N.J., Pekos P., “Use of fingerprinting and marker compounds for identification and standardization of botanical drugs: Strategies for applying pharmaceutical HPLC analysis to herbal products”, Drug Information Journal, Vol.32, 1998, pp.497-512.
- Apers S., Naessens T., Pieters L., Vlietinck A., “Densitometric thin-layer chromatographic determination of aescin in an herbal medicinal product containing Aesculus and Vitis dry extract”, Jr. of Chromatographic Analysis, vol.1112(1-2), April 2006, pp.165-170.
- Nair V.D., Kanfer I., Hoogmartens J., “Determination of stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol and stigmastanol in oral dosage forms using HPLC with evaporative light scattering detection”, Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, vol. 41(3), June 2006, pp. 731-737.
- Sarmani S.B., Abugassa I., Hamzah A., Yahya M.D., “Elemental analysis of herbal preparations for traditional medicines by neutron activation analysis with the kO standardization method”, Biological trace element research, 1999, pp. 365-376.
- Careri M., Elviri L., Mangia A., “Liquid chromatography-UV determination and liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometric characterization of sitosterol and stigmasterol in soyabean oil”, Jr. of Chromatographic Analysis, vol. 935(1-2), Nov.2001, pp.249-257.
- Yu B.S., Lai S.G., Tan QL, “Simultaneous determination of cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and paeonol in traditional Chinese medicinal preparations by capillary GC-FID”, Chemical and pharmaceutical bulletin, vol. 54(1), Jan 2006, pp. 114-116.
- Santosh M.K., Shaila D., Sanjeeva Rao I., “Standardization study of dadimastaka and pushyannga churnas”, Asian Jr. of Chemistry, vol. 16(34), 2004, pp. 1735-1741.
- Azamathulla Shaik, Hule Amolkumar, “Evaluation of adaptogenic activity profile of herbal preparation”, Indian Jr. of Experimental Biology, vol. 44, July 2006, pp.574-579.
- Zaporozhets O.A., Lipkovska N.A., “A new test method for the evaluation of total antioxidant activity of herbal products”, Jr. of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 52(1), 2004, pp.21-25.
- De Souza T.P., Zulian Lionzo M.I., “Evaluation of microbial contamination reduction on plants through technological process of decoction and spray dry”, Brazilian Jr. of Pharmacognosy, vol. 16(1), 2006, pp.94-98.
- Basu S., Hazra B., “Evaluation of nitric oxide scavenging activity of selected medicinal plants used in inflammatory diseases”, Phytotherapy research, vol. 20(10), 2006, pp. 896-900.
- Shinde A.D., Bhise S.B., “Evaluation of wound healing activity of herbal drug combination of Tridax Procumbens, Azadirachta indica, Curcuma longa and Apis mellifera”, Indian Drugs, vol. 41(6), June 2004, pp.376-378.
- Adhiraj N., Ravikumar T., Shanmugasundaram N., “In vivo and in vitro evaluation of hair growth potential of Shoe flower”, Jr. of ethanopharmacology, vol. 88(2-3), 2003, pp. 235-239.
- Nazar H., Usmanghani K., “Clinical evaluation toi assess the safety and efficacy of coded herbal medicine “Dysmo-off” versus allopathic medicine “Diclofenac sodium” for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea”, Jr. Herb Pharmacotherapy, vol. 6(1), 2006, pp.21-39.
- Inokawa M., Iguchi K., Kohda H., “Thermographic evaluation of the efficacy of Kampo medicine”, Hiroshima Jr. Med Sci., vol. 55(1), March 2006, pp.1-8.
- Palani V., Senthilkumaran R.K., “Biochemical evaluation in antitumour effect of Muthu Marunthu on experimental fibrosarcoma in rats”, Jr. of Ethanopharmacology, vol. 65(3), 1999, pp.257-265.
- Bhavasar G.C., Pundarikakshudu K., “Evaluation of Kutaj-Ghanvati for alkaloidal principles”, Indian Jr. Natural Products, vol. 20(1), 2003, pp.33.
- Sharma H.R., Verma P., “Organoleptic and chemical evaluation of osmotically processed Apricot wholes and halves”, Natural Product Radiance, vol.5 (3), Sep-Oct 2006, pp.350-356.
- Boullata I.J., Nace M.A., “Safety issue with herbal medicine”, Pharmacotherapy, vol. 20(3), 2000, pp.257-269.
About the Author
M.Pharm.(Pharmacognosy)
Lecturer at BN Girls college of Pharmacy, Udaipur-INDIA
Build Muscle And Lose Fat – How To Build Muscle And Burn Fat
If you want to lose the most weight in the shortest amount of time then you need to build muscle and burn fat at the same time. There is a lot of talk, and quite a few theories out there about how to lose weight and I have seen and tried them all. There are low fat, low protein, low salt and all other kinds of diets that you can try but let me tell you from experience, if you are trying to cut body fat and keep it off for the long run you can toss these theories out the window. I tend to think about weight loss as a simple mathematical formula, calories in, calories out. If you can keep this simple fact in mind then you will be successful in the weight loss game.
Let’s say that you need 3,000 calories a day to maintain your current weight. If you cut 1,000 calories a day from your diet (this would be about as much as you would ever really want to cut) you would effectively lose 2 pounds a week. It doesn’t matter if you are eating 2,000 calories worth of vegetables or 2,000 calories worth of lard a day, the calorie deficit will guarantee that you will lose weight. Of course I’m not advocating that you should eat an unhealthy diet, but there is no reason to become a vegan just to lose weight. Eat healthy, but you can give yourself a little leeway if you want a treat, just cut the calories from another part of the day. Build Muscle And Lose Fat
If you are able to keep this in mind then here is another fun fact. You don’t need to cut all 1,000 calories from your diet to maintain the deficit that we are talking about. If you cut 500 calories from your diet and pick up your fat burning processes by building some muscle you will greatly increase your weight loss efforts. Just make sure that you are feeding your muscle and not your fat and you will be happy with your weight loss efforts. That is the way you build muscle and lose fat, a one two punch that will knock you fat out once and for all. Build Muscle And Lose Fat
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Liquid Egg White Protein – 2 Half Gallons $38.00 Liquid egg protein is a 100% bioavailable complete protein where none of the amino acids go to waste. Protein powders average 70% bioavailability. Imagine a protein drink that you can make taste like anything you want, any time you want. Dutch Chocolate, French Vanilla, Irish Cream, Kona Coffee, or just Orange Juice, you name it! You are only limited by your own imagination. All Natural, 100% Pure… |
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The All-Pro Diet: Lose Fat, Build Muscle, and Live Like a Champion $5.89 A perennial Pro-Bowler, NFL tight end Tony Gonzalez has been an unstoppable force for all of his 12 years in the NFL. But for a long time, he ate like an average American: red meat, pizza, fast food, whatever was plentiful and convenient. Concerned about his long-term, post-career health, Tony decided to change his diet. With the help of Mitzi Dulan, nutritionist for the Kansas City Chiefs and the… |
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101 Workouts: Build Muscle, Lose Fat & Reach Your Fitness Goals Faster $9.28 Muscle & Fitness magazine has provided a program of rapid-fire core workouts for those seeking to “get moving” on a weight-training fitness program or for those who wish to expand, freshen-up, and enhance their workout regimen. There are 101 fully photo-illustrated workouts presented almost one per every page spread. This concept allows the enthusiast the opportunity to glance at the photo during … |
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Build Muscle Lose Fat Look Great: Everything You Need to Know to Transform Your Body $21.88 Build Muscles, Lose Fat, Look Great has 200 pages devoted to exercise technique, to provide the most complete descriptions on the market in addition to over 400 pages to cover other issues. Building on his popular titles Brawn and Beyond Brawn, this newest book by Stuart McRobert provides an extraordinary wealth of additional complementary information. It is crammed with practical, safe and high… |
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Bigger And Thicker Erections Which Last For Longer With These Proven Herbs!
If you want thicker and bigger erections which stay harder for longer, the enclosed herbs will help you achieve this naturally and safely, without the need to take man made drugs which can have dangerous side effects. Lets take a look at the herbs and how they can get you a hard erection which lasts for longer.
If you want a hard erection or any erection for that matter, your body must produce high levels of nitric oxide and if you want more libido and sexual stamina you need high levels of testosterone. Lets look at the herbs which will increase levels of both naturally.
Nitric Oxide
Any erection relies on this natural substance which is produced in the blood vessels that lead into the penis. When it’s secreted the blood vessels which lead into the penis it relaxes and widens them, so more blood can then enter the penile tissue, to make the penis bigger and an erection is formed. If you want to get nitric oxide levels up, you can take the herbs Cnidium, Horny Goat Weed and Ginseng. These herbs work in the same way as man made drugs but do so naturally, with no side effects.
Testosterone
Testosterone makes you a man and you need it not just for harder erections and better sexual stamina, you need it for overall health and wellness. Horny Goat Weed and Ginseng, help to increase levels but you should also take Tribulus and Tongkat Ali; both these herbs will improve testosterone production and also, increase energy levels which leads to an increase in sex drive.
Get them ALL in the Best Men’s Natural Sex Pills
If you want bigger and thicker erections which last for longer, the good news is you can get all the above herbs, in the best men’s natural sex pills. These pills will give you better sexual health and overall wellness at the same time which is great news for all men.
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